Dr.Lalitha Pidaparthi
On this World Parkinson’s Day, Renova Century Hospitals joins the global effort to raise awareness about Parkinson’s Disease (PD)—a progressive neurological disorder that often begins with something as subtle as a hand tremor but can eventually affect movement, balance, speech, and even memory. To help demystify the condition and offer valuable insights, we spoke with Dr. Lalitha Pidaparthi, Senior Consultant Neurologist at Renova Century Hospitals, Hyderabad. – — Editor
What is Parkinson’s Disease (PD)?
Parkinson’s Disease is a movement disorder that develops gradually, often starting with a barely noticeable tremor in one hand. Over time, symptoms worsen and can affect various body systems, making everyday activities increasingly difficult.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Motor Symptoms:
- Tremors – Often the first noticeable sign, tremors typically begin in the hands, fingers, jaw, or foot. They may worsen during stress or while at rest.
- Bradykinesia (Slowed movement) – Everyday tasks like dressing or rising from a chair become harder. Facial expressions may diminish.
- Muscle rigidity – Stiffness can occur in any part of the body, limiting movement.
- Postural instability – Stooped posture, imbalance while walking, and frequent falls are common.
- Swallowing and chewing difficulties – These arise in advanced stages, increasing the risk of malnutrition and choking.
Non-Motor Symptoms:
- Cognitive issues such as memory loss and difficulty thinking.
- Emotional changes including depression and anxiety.
- Sleep disturbances like REM sleep behavior disorder, insomnia, or daytime drowsiness.
- Bladder problems including urgency and incontinence.
- Digestive issues such as constipation and early satiety.
- Changes in sexual function—ranging from decreased desire to, occasionally, hypersexuality.
- Orthostatic hypotension—dizziness or fainting due to sudden drops in blood pressure.
- General fatigue, pain, and loss of smell.
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
Parkinson’s occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain—particularly those that produce dopamine—gradually break down or die. While the exact cause remains unknown, several contributing factors are known:
- Genetics – 10–15% of patients may have inherited genetic mutations.
- Environmental triggers – Prolonged exposure to pesticides, herbicides, or toxins may increase the risk.
Who is at Risk?
- Age – Most cases develop after age 50.
- Family history – Having a first-degree relative with PD increases your chances.
- Gender – Men are more likely than women to develop Parkinson’s.
- Toxin exposure – Long-term contact with industrial chemicals or pesticides.
How is Parkinson’s Diagnosed?
There’s no single definitive test for Parkinson’s. Diagnosis involves a careful review of symptoms, neurological examinations, and exclusion of other conditions. Additional tools may include:
- MRI or PET scans
- Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Scan – Helps distinguish PD from other movement disorders.
- Genetic testing – Especially in early-onset or familial cases.
Can Parkinson’s Be Prevented?
There is no proven method to prevent Parkinson’s. However, some studies suggest that regular aerobic exercise and moderate caffeine consumption may reduce risk.
How is Parkinson’s Treated?
While Parkinson’s cannot be cured, many symptoms can be managed effectively:
- Medications that increase or mimic dopamine levels are the first line of treatment.
- Physical, occupational, and speech therapy help maintain function and independence.
- Surgery is considered when medications are no longer effective.
Surgical Options: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
DBS is a procedure where electrodes are implanted into specific brain areas and connected to a pacemaker-like device placed in the chest. Electrical impulses help control abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms like tremor and stiffness—especially in patients who respond well to Levodopa.
Non-Invasive Advances: MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)
A promising new therapy for certain PD patients, MRgFUS uses focused ultrasound waves guided by MRI to target and treat tremor-causing brain areas without surgery. Not all patients are eligible, but the technology offers a safer alternative for some.
